![]() ![]() Migration, cultural work, and civil society’s struggle to preserve human rights, the environment, and social justice, also feed the formation and development of global circuits. Not only global economic forces feed this proliferation of circuits. And the current collapse of major financial institutions involves particular sets of global circuits and hence does not affect all global cities in the same way. Globally traded commodities – gold, butter, coffee, oil, sunflower seeds – are redistributed to a vast number of destinations, no matter how few the points of origin are in some cases. Buenos Aires is on a global commodity trading circuit that includes Chicago and Mumbai. Global commodity trading in coffee includes New York and São Paulo as major hubs. For instance, Mumbai is today part of a global circuit for real-estate development that includes firms from cities as diverse as London and Bogotá. Different circuits contain different groups of countries and cities. ![]() The reality consists of a vast number of highly particular global circuits: some are specialised and some are worldwide while others are regional. There is no such entity as ‘the’ global economy in the sense of a seamless economy with clear hierarchies. ![]()
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